Written by: Vincent Pedre M.D. | May 11, 2024 | Time to read 15 min

Boosting Physical Performance: Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant found abundantly in coffee, is known for its ability to enhance physical performance. It does so by increasing the levels of adrenaline in the blood, preparing the body for intense physical exertion. Caffeine also breaks down body fat, freeing fatty acids in the bloodstream, which can be used as fuel, thereby improving endurance and strength temporarily.

Enhanced Metabolism and Weight Control: Coffee consumption is associated with enhanced metabolic rate—the rate at which the body burns calories. Studies have shown that caffeine can increase Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) by 3-11%, with larger doses having a more significant effect. This metabolic boost can promote weight loss by increasing calorie expenditure even when at rest.

Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk: One of the most significant health benefits of coffee is its association with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases:

• Type 2 Diabetes: Regular coffee drinking has been linked to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Various observational  studies  suggest that the risk decreases by about 6% for each daily cup of coffee consumed.

• Neurological Diseases:  There is compelling evidence that coffee drinkers have a lower risk of neurological diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Caffeine, with its neuroprotective properties, is thought to be a key factor.

• Liver Health: Coffee may protect against liver fibrosis and liver cancer. Studies have indicated that coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of cirrhosis, especially alcohol-induced cirrhosis.

Cardiovascular Health: While there has been concern over coffee raising cholesterol levels and blood pressure, many studies do not support the long-term increase in heart disease risk. In fact, evidence from several studies suggests that coffee may support heart health by providing protective benefits against arterial damage due to inflammation.

Antioxidant Properties: Coffee is a major source of antioxidants, which are vital for health as they neutralize DNA-damaging, reactive compounds called free radicals. By doing so, antioxidants in coffee help protect the cells from damage and reduce oxidative stress, a precursor to multiple chronic conditions.

The intriguing relationship between coffee consumption and gut health, particularly focusing on the gut microbiome, has garnered considerable attention in recent years. Coffee's influence extends beyond simple digestion, impacting the very composition of the gut microbiota. In this section, I’ll explore the latest research trends surrounding coffee's effects on gut health, its implications for brain health, and the role of coffee's polyphenols in these processes. Polyphenols are beneficial micronutrients that are rich in antioxidants and naturally occur in many plants.

Coffee and the Gut Microbiome 

Recent studies suggest that the polyphenols in coffee, such as chlorogenic acids, are not just potent antioxidants but also play a crucial role in modulating the gut microbiome. Polyphenols are largely unabsorbed in the upper digestive tract and thus make their way to the colon, where they are metabolized by gut bacteria. This interaction can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit harmful ones, potentially leading to improved gut health and reduced inflammation.

A 2021 study showed that regular coffee consumption could enrich the gut with anti-inflammatory properties and increase the diversity of the gut microbiome. I often say that “Gut microbiome diversity is like the Holy Grail of our health.” This biodiversity is associated with positive health outcomes, including lower inflammation and reduced risk of chronic diseases.

Coffee’s Influence on Brain Health 

The relationship between coffee consumption and brain health is particularly compelling. Caffeine and various polyphenolic compounds in coffee appear to have neuroprotective effects. Research indicates that these compounds can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress — the two powerful contributors of memory loss and cognitive decline — in neural tissues.

Studies have found a correlation between regular coffee consumption and a lower risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Researchers hypothesize that caffeine's ability to block receptors in the brain that facilitate the growth of beta-amyloid plaques (a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer’s) could be one mechanism behind this protective effect. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory actions of polyphenols may play a significant role in their beneficial impact on brain health.

An increasingly researched area of interest is the potential anticancer properties of coffee. The compounds found in coffee, including caffeine and various antioxidants, are thought to play a role in reducing the risk of several types of cancer. Some of the most promising findings are related to liver, colorectal, and breast cancers.

• Liver Cancer: Coffee consumption is consistently linked with a lower risk of liver cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Research has found that consuming 2 cups of coffee per day was associated with a 43% reduced risk of liver cancer.This protective effect is thought to be due to coffee's ability to reduce liver inflammation and fibrosis, both of which are precursors to liver cancer.

• Colorectal Cancer: Studies have also shown that regular coffee drinking may lower the risk of colorectal cancer by 26%. The anti-inflammatory properties of coffee, along with its ability to accelerate the passage of waste through the digestive system, reducing the gut’s exposure to potential carcinogens, play crucial roles in this protective effect.

• Breast Cancer: Some research suggests a protective effect of coffee against breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. The mechanisms are not fully understood, but may involve modulation of estrogen levels, along with the antioxidant properties of coffee.

Mechanisms Behind Coffee's Anticancer Effects

The anticancer properties of coffee are likely due to a combination of factors:

While coffee offers numerous health benefits, it is not without its risks, especially when consumed in excessive amounts. What constitutes too much coffee? It depends on the individual. Generally, more than 2 cups of java daily can start to become excessive and result in negative effects from too much caffeine exposure. About 50 percent of the population (including me!) are slow metabolizers of caffeine, meaning that caffeine sticks around in the bloodstream for longer periods, triggering unpleasant side effects like anxiety, irritability, and insomnia. 

But don’t think you’re scot-free if you’re a fast metabolizer who can have a cup of espresso at 10 PM and still be in bed at 11 PM. My experience tracking sleep with patients has shown that even fast metabolizers will have disrupted sleep patterns when drinking coffee too late in the afternoon.

Keeping this in mind, moderation is key—excessive coffee consumption can lead to sleep disturbances, insomnia, nausea, increased heart rate, as well as other health issues, like acid reflux and upset stomach. Furthermore, unfiltered coffee (like Turkish or French press coffee) contains cafestol and kahweol, two compounds known to raise LDL cholesterol levels. So, the best coffee might actually be a pour-over coffee made at home or in artisanal coffee shops, where the art of coffee meets the science of its benefits. 

Another concern is the potential for contaminants such as mycotoxins in poorly sources or low-grade coffee beans, which can pose health risks. Coffee is particularly prone to mold growth when not processed properly from fruit to bean to final product. Therefore, it is crucial to source high-quality coffee beans and keep your intake at a moderate level to enjoy its benefits without adverse effects.

General recommendations suggest no more than 3-4 cups of coffee per day (providing up to 400 mg/day of caffeine) can be part of a healthy diet for most people and might offer cancer-protective benefits. However, in my experience, I’ve found that people should try to limit themselves to no more than 2 cups daily for the best balance of benefits to risks.

To maximize the health benefits of coffee and minimize any adverse interactions, consider the following guidelines:

1. Time Coffee Consumption:  Try to drink coffee at least an hour before or after plant-based meals to minimize its impact on iron and calcium absorption.
2. Be Mindful of Additives: Opt for minimal additions to coffee to keep it healthy; use spices like cinnamon or nutmeg to enhance flavor without extra calories.
3. Combine with Healthy Fats: Drink coffee around the same time you consume healthy fats to potentially boost your metabolism.
4. Monitor Medication & Supplement Interactions: Be wary of when you drink coffee if you’re taking supplements for osteoporosis or osteopenia. Consult with a healthcare provider regarding coffee consumption if you take medications, especially those affected by caffeine.

Here’s a simple breakdown of the most common coffee-medication interactions:

Understanding these interactions helps tailor coffee consumption to fit into a healthy dietary pattern, enhancing both its enjoyment and health benefits.